1. Who proposed the theory of natural selection?
A) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
B) Charles Darwin ✅
C) Alfred Wallace
D) Gregor Mendel
Which concept suggests organisms change traits to adapt to their environment and pass them to offspring?
A) Natural selection
B) Mutation
C) Lamarckism ✅
D) Genetic drift
The “struggle for existence” is a key component of:
A) Lamarckism
B) Darwinism ✅
C) Mutation theory
D) Orthogenesis
What term did Darwin use for favorable traits increasing survival chances?
A) Adaptation ✅
B) Mutation
C) Fitness
D) Speciation
Who independently proposed natural selection alongside Darwin?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Alfred Russel Wallace ✅
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Weismann
Lamarck’s theory was based mainly on:
A) Mutation
B) Use and disuse of organs ✅
C) Natural selection
D) Genetic drift
Which theory explains evolution through chance hereditary changes?
A) Darwinism
B) Neo-Darwinism ✅
C) Lamarckism
D) Saltation
The concept of “survival of the fittest” was introduced by:
A) Darwin
B) Herbert Spencer ✅
C) Lamarck
D) Wallace
Who proposed the Germ Plasm Theory, challenging Lamarckism?
A) Weismann ✅
B) Darwin
C) Mendel
D) Haeckel
The Modern Synthetic Theory combines:
A) Darwinism + Lamarckism
B) Mendelian genetics + Darwinism ✅
C) Lamarckism + Mutation theory
D) Orthogenesis + Mutation
Saltation refers to:
A) Gradual evolution
B) Sudden large mutations ✅
C) Natural selection
D) Genetic drift
Who proposed the Mutation Theory of evolution?
A) Hugo de Vries ✅
B) Darwin
C) Lamarck
D) Wallace
Orthogenesis suggests evolution is:
A) Random
B) Directed by internal forces ✅
C) Driven by natural selection
D) Only due to mutations
Which evidence did Darwin mainly use to support his theory?
A) Fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy ✅
B) Genetic sequencing
C) Cytology
D) Biochemistry
Neo-Darwinism emphasizes:
A) Natural selection only
B) Natural selection + Mendelian genetics ✅
C) Acquired characters
D) Orthogenesis
According to Lamarck, giraffes have long necks because:
A) Natural selection
B) They stretched necks for leaves ✅
C) Mutation
D) Genetic drift
The term “adaptive radiation” is associated with:
A) Darwinism ✅
B) Lamarckism
C) Mutation theory
D) Orthogenesis
Which scientist proposed “biometry” as evidence for evolution?
A) Huxley
B) Francis Galton ✅
C) Darwin
D) Wallace
The bottleneck effect is related to:
A) Lamarckism
B) Genetic drift ✅
C) Natural selection
D) Mutation theory
Neo-Lamarckism differs from classic Lamarckism by:
A) Including mutation
B) Allowing some acquired traits to influence evolution ✅
C) Rejecting adaptation
D) Emphasizing fossil record
Phyletic gradualism assumes evolution occurs:
A) Rapidly
B) Slowly and gradually ✅
C) Not at all
D) Randomly
Punctuated equilibrium was proposed by:
A) Darwin
B) Stephen Jay Gould & Niles Eldredge ✅
C) Lamarck
D) Weismann
According to the Mutation Theory, mutations are:
A) Always harmful
B) Source of evolutionary novelty ✅
C) Only environmental
D) Reversible
Heterotopy refers to evolution by:
A) Change in timing of development
B) Change in spatial arrangement of structures ✅
C) Natural selection
D) Genetic drift
The main criticism of Lamarckism was:
A) No evidence of use-disuse inheritance ✅
B) Gradualism
C) Mutation occurrence
D) Speciation speed
“Fitness” in Darwinism refers to:
A) Physical strength
B) Reproductive success ✅
C) Lifespan
D) Size
Darwin studied finches in:
A) Madagascar
B) Galápagos Islands ✅
C) Indonesia
D) Australia
Which scientist connected Mendelian inheritance with evolution?
A) Hugo de Vries
B) Ronald Fisher ✅
C) Lamarck
D) Wallace
Cladogenesis refers to:
A) Single lineage evolution
B) Branching evolution ✅
C) Extinction
D) Mutation
Which is an example of vestigial organs?
A) Wings of bat
B) Human appendix ✅
C) Elephant tusks
D) Giraffe neck
Genetic drift is most effective in:
A) Large populations
B) Small populations ✅
C) Extinct species
D) Adaptive radiation
According to Weismann, acquired traits:
A) Can be inherited
B) Cannot be inherited ✅
C) Are always dominant
D) Drive evolution
Convergent evolution occurs when:
A) Two species evolve similarly due to environment ✅
B) Two species share a common ancestor
C) Mutation occurs randomly
D) Population size is small
The founder effect is a type of:
A) Natural selection
B) Genetic drift ✅
C) Lamarckism
D) Orthogenesis
In Neo-Darwinism, the main evolutionary force is:
A) Mutation
B) Natural selection ✅
C) Use-disuse
D) Orthogenesis
Darwin called the process producing new species:
A) Adaptation
B) Speciation ✅
C) Mutation
D) Natural drift
Haeckel’s recapitulation theory proposed:
A) Embryos repeat adult evolution
B) Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ✅
C) Mutation leads to adaptation
D) Natural selection acts on adults
Evolutionary synthesis integrated:
A) Darwinism + Lamarckism
B) Mendelian genetics + Natural selection ✅
C) Mutation + Orthogenesis
D) Lamarckism + Mutation
In punctuated equilibrium, species:
A) Evolve slowly
B) Remain stable for long periods, then rapidly change ✅
C) Evolve only by mutation
D) Evolve randomly
Which process produces new alleles?
A) Natural selection
B) Mutation ✅
C) Use-disuse
D) Genetic drift
Adaptive evolution increases:
A) Population size
B) Organism fitness ✅
C) Mutation rate
D) Genetic drift
Homologous structures indicate:
A) Common ancestry ✅
B) Convergent evolution
C) Random mutation
D) Genetic drift
Analogous structures indicate:
A) Common ancestry
B) Convergent evolution ✅
C) Mutation only
D) Genetic drift
“Neo-Darwinism” is also called:
A) Synthetic theory ✅
B) Mutation theory
C) Lamarckism
D) Orthogenesis
Genetic recombination occurs in:
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis ✅
C) Binary fission
D) Cloning
Which concept opposes Lamarckism directly?
A) Mutation
B) Weismann barrier ✅
C) Natural selection
D) Fitness
Allopatric speciation occurs due to:
A) Geographic isolation ✅
B) Mutation only
C) Use-disuse
D) Orthogenesis
Sympatric speciation occurs in:
A) Different locations
B) Same location ✅
C) Across continents
D) Only islands
The Hardy-Weinberg principle deals with:
A) Population genetics ✅
B) Mutation theory
C) Lamarckism
D) Fossil formation
50. Genetic drift leads to:
A) Directional selection
B) Random allele frequency changes ✅
C) Fitness increase
D) Lamarckian adaptation